OCD – Hibernator's Library

Obsessive compulsive disorder (discussed in a previous post) is grouped in a DSM-5 category called “obsessive compulsive and related disorders.” Other disorders included in this category are hoarding, body dysmorphic, trichotillomania (hair picking), and excoriation (skin picking) disorders.

Upon publication of the DSM-5, there were a lot of ignorant people laughing at the “new” disorder “hoarding,” and giving it as an example of how the DSM-5 encourages over-diagnosis of “normal” individuals. Such people do not understand the dire nature of this disorder. An individual with hoarding disorder finds it extremely distressful to discard objects, regardless of their actual value. These objects fill up their living spaces, leading to impairment of the individual’s ability to live a healthy, functional life.

Hoarding has recently reached the popular eye due to TV shows like A&E’s Hoarders or TLC’s Hoarding: Buried Alive. I haven’t watched either of these shows, so I don’t know if they are a good representative of the dangers of hoarding. But I can give examples of such dangers:

To go along with my Adrian Monk theme in my OCD post, Adrian’s brother Ambrose Monk is an extremely agoraphobic hoarder. In the episode Mr. Monk and the Three Pies, Ambrose’s house is set on fire, and he is unable to exit the house – partly due to the lack of safe pathways through his piles of newspapers.

If you like real-life examples, I have an acquaintance with hoarding disorder. She fell in her home and was unable to get up due to the huge piles of junk surrounding her. She lay there three days before someone found her. Luckily, she was holding a jug of juice when she fell, so she survived surprisingly well during this time.

Obsessive hoarders tend not to respond to the same types of medications or therapies as people with OCD, and their brain activation patterns are different than those recorded in OCD patients. Therefore, it is possible the two disorders might not be as strongly related as categorized in the DSM-5.

People with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) become obsessed with one or more body parts that they perceive as hideous or deformed. When people with BDD look in the mirror, they often see a defect that is not present, such as the woman above seeing herself as fat when she is actually thin. Such people are often self-conscious about this perceived defect, and believe that everyone around them look down on them for their ugly appearance. People with BDD might spend hours every day looking in a mirror obsessing about their perceived defect, or they might compulsively avoid mirrors altogether. BDD patients often avoid social situations, and sometimes they stop leaving their house altogether. It’s possible, even, that they might have so many plastic surgeries that their nose dies (rumored to have happened to a certain deceased celebrity).

One example you might immediately think of (especially since it is pictured above) is people with anorexia nervosa. However, anorexia is not always a form of BDD. Many anorexics are emaciated and are pleased with their appearance. Some, however, are emaciated and see themselves as fat when they look in the mirror. These are the type with BDD. A long time ago, I remember reading about a study in which a tight-fitting full-body suit was worn by BDD-related anorexics. The tightness of the suit allowed the subjects to change thier proprioceptive perception of their body types. Because they could feel how thin they were, they began to perceive themselves as thin. I’m pretty sure I read about this study in Sandra Blakeslee’s book The Body Has a Mind of Its Own: How Body Maps in Your Brain Help You Do (Almost) Everything Better.

More mainstream treatments for BDD include SSRI’s and a form of cognitive behavioral therapy in which the subject is made to wear clothing or makeup that accentuates the “defect” rather than disguising it. The subject is also told to not look in a mirror, even when they feel compelled to.

This is a series of posts summarizing what I’m learning in my Abnormal Psychology course. Much of the information provided comes from reading my James N. Butcher’s textbook Abnormal Psychology. To read the other posts, follow these links:

The Definition of Abnormal
A History of Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology in Contemporary Society
Contemporary Viewpoints on Treating Mental Illness – Biology
Contemporary Viewpoints on Treating Mental Illness – Psychology
Frontline: New Asylums
Brave New Films: This is Crazy
Clinical Mental Health Diagnosis: Biological Assessment
Clinical Mental Health Diagnosis: Psychological Assessment
Does the DSM Encourage Overmedication?
Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome – The Basics
Panic Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Hoarding and Body Dysmorphic Disorders
Depression – an Overview
Personality Disorders – Clusters and Dimensions
Personality Disorders – Cluster A
Personality Disorders – Cluster B
Personality Disorders – Cluster C
Biological Effects of Stress on Your Body
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Paraphilic Disorders
Gender Dysphoria – Homosexuality and Transgender
Anxiety Disorders
Bipolar Disorder – The Basics
Suicide – An Overview

References:

Butcher, James N. Hooley, Jill M. Mineka, Susan. (2014) Chapter 6: Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and their Disorders. Abnormal Psychology, sixteenth edition (pp. 163-210). Pearson Education Inc.

Most people are familiar with obsessive compulsive disorder as is popularized in many TV shows and movies. My favorite is Monk, a TV show about Adrian Monk, an investigator who works with the San Francisco police department. Due to Monk’s severe OCD (along with other disorders), he was forced into retirement as a detective with the San Francisco PD. The show is unflinching about the negative effects of Monk’s disorder, but of course it introduces humor into his predicament.

According to the DSM-5, obsessions are “recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images” that are intrusive and cause distress. The individual attempts to ignore the obsessions, but is generally unable to. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors – such as hand washing, checking, praying, counting, or word repetition – that the individual feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety and distress.

Often, the compulsion is meant to prevent a terrible event. That event is often excessive or unrealistic. To give a rather trite but recognizable example, someone might try not to step on cracks because they’d “break their mother’s back,” so they must go back to the beginning again and again just to make sure they didn’t step on any of the cracks. Ritualistic hand washing is generally meant to protect the individual from contamination of germs. Adrian Monk, from my example above, had his assistant carry around hand-wipes so that Monk could clean up after he’d shaken hands with anyone.

OCD can be one of the most debilitating mental disorders because it can take up hours of a person’s day. In order to get a diagnosis, the obsessions or compulsions must take up at least 1 hour each day.

Generally the individual is quite aware that his compulsion is excessive and unnecessary. Monk was an intelligent guy – he knew that if he didn’t touch-and-count every car antenna in that traffic jam that nothing bad would happen. But he couldn’t stop himself, even though it slowed down his progress as he walked up to the “crime scene.”

Common obsessive thoughts include contamination fears, fears of harming oneself or others, and pathological doubt. Another common obsession is the need for symmetry. Mr. Monk had all of these obsessions. Obsessions about sex and aggression are also common. (Well, Monk wouldn’t be as likable if he had those, though he did have a phobia of sex and nudity). OCD is often accompanied by social phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and PTSD. (Yup. Monk had all of those.)

OCD is thought to be a learned behavior. First, the individual begins to obsess that touching a doorknob will contaminate his hands. As his anxiety increases, he finally breaks down and washes his hands. Washing his hands decreases his anxiety tremendously – he has now learned how to alleviate his distress. So the next time the obsessive thought intrudes, he will wash his hands again. Perhaps this time, he’ll just keep on washing his hands, because that might decrease the anxiety more. Of course, this theory doesn’t explain where the obsessive thoughts come from in the first place.

Top left: basal ganglia; Top right: amygdala;
Bottom: thalamus

In patients with OCD, abnormalities occur primarily in the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia are involved in primitive behaviors such as sex, aggression, and hygiene concerns. In a system known as the cortico-basal-ganglionic-thalamic circuit, urges are passed from the basal ganglia through the caudate nucleus, which filters the urges before sending them to the thalamus, which, in turn, sends the signal to the frontal cortex to create an action-urge. Theories suggest that in OCD, there is something wrong with the filtering aspect of this system, and many inappropriate urges are sent on to the cortex. In addition to connecting to the cortico-basal-ganglionic-thalamic circuit, the basal ganglia is also linked to the limbic system through the amygdala, which is thought to be the source of the “fear network,” as described in my post about panic disorder. This connection explains the panic that the individual feels when the obsessive urges aren’t acted upon.

The most successful treatment for OCD is exposure and response prevention. The individual is asked to rate his disturbing stimuli on a scale of 1 to 100. The individual then exposes himself repeatedly to a stimulus (either by imagination or directly) and is asked not to perform the compulsion. Eventually, the anxiety subsides on its own. Theoretically, each time the individual avoids the compulsion, he becomes a little more sure that the compulsion is not necessary to decrease the anxiety.

For those of you who are interested, Mr. Monk’s greatest fears, in order, are: germs, dentists, sharp or pointed objects, milk, vomiting, death and dead things, snakes, crowds, heights, fear, mushrooms, and small spaces (as listed in the episode “Monk and the Very, Very Old Man). Fortunately for him, his work frequently throws him into situations in which he encounters these things and is unable to fulfill his compulsions. I guess working his its own therapy. 🙂

This is a series of posts summarizing what I’m learning in my Abnormal Psychology course. Much of the information provided comes from reading my James N. Butcher’s textbook Abnormal Psychology. To read the other posts, follow these links:

The Definition of Abnormal
A History of Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology in Contemporary Society
Contemporary Viewpoints on Treating Mental Illness – Biology
Contemporary Viewpoints on Treating Mental Illness – Psychology
Frontline: New Asylums
Brave New Films: This is Crazy
Clinical Mental Health Diagnosis: Biological Assessment
Clinical Mental Health Diagnosis: Psychological Assessment
Does the DSM Encourage Overmedication?
Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome – The Basics
Panic Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Hoarding and Body Dysmorphic Disorders
Depression – an Overview
Personality Disorders – Clusters and Dimensions
Personality Disorders – Cluster A
Personality Disorders – Cluster B
Personality Disorders – Cluster C
Biological Effects of Stress on Your Body
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Paraphilic Disorders
Gender Dysphoria – Homosexuality and Transgender
Anxiety Disorders
Bipolar Disorder – The Basics
Suicide – An Overview

References:

Butcher, James N. Hooley, Jill M. Mineka, Susan. (2014) Chapter 6: Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and their Disorders. Abnormal Psychology, sixteenth edition (pp. 163-210). Pearson Education Inc.